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| On April 5, 1904, the British invaded Gyangze. The Tibetan army and civilian population rose
to resist with ancient powder guns and stones, and Gyangze Zong Hill Castle became a
fortified point for defense. [full text] |
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| Preface: The myth of "Tibetan independence," which evolved during the late 19th century, is
actuallythe product of the imperialist invasion of China, with the British invaders in Tibet as the
chief architects. [full text] |
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| First British Invasion: In the 1860s, the British invaders in Sikkim started to build roads and
bridges leading to Tibet. They also sent recruited vagrants across Rina by the Tibet-Sikkim
border to Mount Lungdo to explore paths. [full text] |
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| Second British Invasion: From 1894 to 1902, Britain repeatedly forced the Qing court to pressure
the Tibetan government and the 13th Dalai Lama to implement the unequal treaties. The local
government of Tibet and the 13th Dalai Lama, however, refused to do so. [full text] |
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| British Move to Cultivate Pro-British Forces in Tibet: After the two aggressive wars, Britain found
that Tibet could not be subdued by military force. It changed tactics by cultivating pro-British
elements in the upper echelon of the ruling class in Tibet, with a view to controlling Tibet. [full text] |
